CV
Contact Information
| Name | Paul Stewens |
| Professional Title | Researcher |
| paul.stewens@pm.me |
Professional Summary
Paul P. Stewens is a doctoral candidate at the UNESCO Chair in Cultural Heritage and Emerging Crime (Dr Donna Yates) within the Faculty of Law at Maastricht University. His dissertation focuses on the regulation of natural history objects such as fossils, amber, meteorites, and human remains and explores how their ambiguity challenges legal classification. As one of the few experts in the field of law and natural history, his interdisciplinary work has appeared in both science and law journals. His research has also been featured in Science, The Economist, CNN, and The Guardian. He holds a Master in International Law from the Geneva Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies and has been actively involved in several high-profile fossil restitution controversies.
Experience
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2025 - Present PhD Researcher
Maastricht University – UNESCO Chair in Cultural Heritage and Emerging Crime
- teaching with in the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology
- supervision of undergraduate theses
- attendance of trainings and workshops
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2025 - 2025 Lalive Merryman Fellow in Art and Cultural Property Law
University of Geneva – Art-Law Centre
Four-week research stay as part of the Pierre Lalive and John H. Merryman Fellowship in Art and Cultural Property Law
- research on hominin fossils
- two public lectures in French
- networking with local researchers in law, archaeology, and palaeontology
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2023 - 2023 Researcher
Canvas Art Law
Research and policy work on natural history objects, conservation, and human remains.
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2023 - 2024 Grading Assistant
University of Erfurt – Assistant Professorship of Public International Law and International Administrative Law
Grading exams and papers for courses in International Law and Introduction to Legal Research in Public Law using Wiseflow software.
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2022 - 2022 Visiting Researcher
University of Maastricht – Maastricht Centre for Arts and Culture, Conservation and Heritage
- shadowed Donna Yates (Associate Professor of Criminology)
- prepared research articles for peer review
- attended academic events and meetings
- presented original research to the Department
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2022 - 2022 Intern
Tallinn University of Technology – Department of Geology
Assisted the curator of Estonia’s largest geological collection with the handling, preparation, and international movement of palaeontological specimens.
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2021 - 2021 Focus Group Member
The Palaeontological Association
Participated in an expert-led group to identify issues in fossil theft and proposed solutions for a workshop on “Social Justice in Palaeontology.”
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2021 - 2021 Intern
Ruhr University Bochum – Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict
Provided editing support for international law journals and conducted literature research for resident researchers.
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2019 - 2021 Student Research Assistant
Technische Universität Dresden – Chair for International Law, European Law and Public Law
Assisted research activities, prepared course materials, and contributed to teaching and administrative tasks at the Chair.
Education
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2025 - 2028 Maastricht, Netherlands
PhD
Maastricht University, Faculty of Law
Law
- structured PhD programme within the Maastricht Graduate School of Law
- tentative dissertation title: Bones of Contention, Stones of Contention: Mapping the Odd Interactions of Law with Ambiguous Substances (Supervisors: Prof Donna Yates and Dr Agustín Parise)
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2022 - 2024 Geneva, Switzerland
Master in International Law
The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
International Law
- two-year programme at a bilingual institution
- dissertation: What’s In A Name: Legal Systems in Biological Nomenclature (Supervisor: Prof Nico Krisch)
- final grade: 5.78/6.00
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2018 - 2022 Dresden, Germany
Bachelor of Arts
Technische Universität Dresden, Center for International Studies
International Relations
- competitive interdisciplinary programme
- final grade: 1.3/1.0
- dissertation: Pardoning War Criminals: The Trump Administration, the Duty to Prosecute, and the Duty to Protect Human Rights (Supervisor: Prof Dominik Steiger)
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2017 - 2018 Erlangen, Germany
Bachelor of Arts (unfinished)
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Political Science and Public Law
Awards
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2024 2024 Pierre Lalive and John Henry Merryman Fellowship in Art and Cultural Heritage Law
International Cultural Property Society, Art-Law Centre of the University of Geneva, and LALIVE Geneva
Fellowship valued at CHF 6,000 for a research stay at the University of Geneva, awarded for my paper ‘Ubirajara’ and Irritator Belong to Brazil: Achieving Fossil Returns under German Private Law
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2024 Paper of the Month of Cambridge University Press - History, Classics and Archaeology
Cambridge University Press
Awarded for my paper ‘Ubirajara’ and Irritator Belong to Brazil: Achieving Fossil Returns under German Private Law
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2024 First Prize at the Third Edition of the International Symposium on Cultural Heritage in War and Peace
Third International Symposium on Cultural Heritage in War and Peace
Awarded for my manuscript A Classification Unearthed: The History of Palaeontological Objects as Cultural Heritage in International Law, in recognition of an ‘innovative profile of research, outstanding presentation and excellent content.’
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2022 ERASMUS+ Scholarship
LEONARDO Büro Sachsen
Financial support for a research internship at Maastricht University.
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2020 Scholarship for going abroad to Eastern Europe
Metropolen in Osteuropa programme (German National Academic Foundation and Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation)
Financial support for an exchange semester and internship in Eastern Europe.
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2017 Full Scholarship by the German National Academic Foundation
Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes
Full scholarship including financial and ideational support for the entire duration of my studies.
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2017 First Prize in the German National Foreign Language Competition
Bildung und Begabung
Awarded first prize in the German National Foreign Language Competition with English, Spanish, French, and Latin; subsequent acceptance into the German National Academic Foundation.
Skills
Languages
Publications
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2026 The Legal Classification of Hominin Fossils: Lessons from the Broken Hill Skull
International Journal of Heritage Studies
This article explores the legal classification of hominin fossils, arguing they should be repatriated as cultural objects under international law.
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2026 A Tale of Two Museums: Restitution and the Genealogy of the False Dichotomy between Natural History Museums and Cultural Museums
International Journal of Cultural Policy
This article examines the disconnect between cultural and natural history museums regarding restitution, tracing the genealogy of museum diversification.
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2026 Seizure without Restitution: Antiquities Dealer Leonardo Patterson’s Collection before the Munich Administrative Court
Harvard Art Law Review
This article discusses court cases surrounding the seizure of antiquities from Leonardo Patterson’s collection in Bavaria.
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2026 Foreign Sovereign Immunity in Exequatur Proceedings – Notes on the Hague District Court’s Decision of 5 June 2025
Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional
The District Court of The Hague refused to recognise and enforce a Ukrainian ruling against Gazprom on foreign sovereign immunity grounds, highlighting the interplay between private and public international law.
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2025 Not a Toothless Law. Countering Illicit Fossil Trafficking under Regulation (EU) 2019/880
transfer – Zeitschrift für Provenienzforschung und Sammlungsgeschichte | Journal for Provenance Research and the History of Collection
This case study analyzes a French customs seizure of Moroccan fossils, evaluating the legal framework under EU Regulation 2019/880.
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2025 A Classification Unearthed: The History of Palaeontological Objects as Cultural Property in International Law
London Review of International Law
This article traces how fossils became protected as cultural property under international law under the auspices of the League of Nations.
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2024 My Genocide, My Responsibility -- The 100’s Massacre at Mount Weather and International Criminal Law
Opinio Juris
This blog post explores the depiction of genocide and international criminal law in the TV series The 100.
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2024 Law Will Find A Way: Legal Research at the Intersection with Palaeontology
Interaktionen: Internationalität, Intra- Und Interdisziplinarität 63. Junge Tagung Öffentliches Recht
This book chapter outlines Law and Palaeontology as a field addressing legal issues related to fossils and emphasises both the need for and potential of interdisciplinary collaboration.
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2023 'Ubirajara' and Irritator Belong to Brazil: Achieving Fossil Returns Under German Private Law
International Journal of Cultural Property
This article explores private law as an alternative to repatriate unlawfully exported Brazilian fossils from German museums.
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2022 The Return of Fossils Removed Under Colonial Rule
Santander Art and Culture Law Review
This article examines the colonial removal of fossils and potential avenues for their return under public international law and international human rights law.
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2022 Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the Rescue Aid Society: Imagining the UN Through Disney’s The Rescuers
Opinio Juris
This blog post uses Disney’s The Rescuers to discuss popular perceptions of international organizations.
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2022 Pardoning War Criminals: The Trump Administration, the Duty to Prosecute, and the Duty to Protect Human Rights
IFHV Working Paper Series
This working paper assesses Trump’s pardons for war criminals against the duty to prosecute grave violations of international humanitarian law.
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2022 Ethics, Law, and Politics in Palaeontological Research: The Case of Myanmar Amber
Communications Biology
This article highlights how Myanmar amber research is linked to political, legal, and economic changes.
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2022 Two Ways of Thinking About Fossils: Palaeontological Objects Between Fossil Nationalism and Fossil Internationalism
Völkerrechtsblog
This blog post discusses the dual perspectives of fossil nationalism and fossil internationalism in legal and ethical debates.
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2022 Billigkeit, Sittlichkeit, Menschlichkeit: Versuch einer Kritik der Generalklauseln im Völkerrecht
Studentische Zeitschrift für Rechtswissenschaft Heidelberg -- Wissenschaft Online
This article critiques the politicization of law through general clauses in international law, applying Franz Neumann’s criticism.
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2021 Is Your Dating App Swiping Left on Human Rights?
Völkerrechtsblog
This blog post examines how dating apps’ algorithms and policies may facilitate sexual and gender-based violence or violate privacy rights.
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2021 The Moral and Legal Imperative to Return Illegally Exported Fossils
Nature Ecology & Evolution
This article argues for the return of illegally exported fossils, highlighting their scientific and cultural value.
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2021 Burmese Amber: Palaeontology’s Blood Diamonds Through the Lens of International Law
Völkerrechtsblog
This blog post compares Burmese amber to blood diamonds, discussing ethical and legal challenges in its trade.
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2021 Now or Never: The Arms Trade Treaty at Crossroads
Völkerrechtsblog
This blog post assesses the Arms Trade Treaty’s successes, challenges, and the urgent need to strengthen its implementation.